Thursday 13 December 2012

Reading List 13 Dec 2012



David Hopes, Reading List. Compiled 5 Dec 2012

ACE ‘Arts Council England assumes museums and libraries functions’ http://press.artscouncil.org.uk/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=1136&NewsAreaID=2 04/04/2012]

AHRC, Knowledge Transfer Policy http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/About/Policy/Pages/KnowledgeTransferPolicy.aspx [15/04/2012]

Alpers, Svetlana. 1991. ‘The Museum as a Way of Seeing’. Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display. Ed. Ivan Karp & Steven D Lavine. Washington & London: Smithsonian Institution Press. 25-32


Association for Learning Technology (ALT), http://www.alt.ac.uk/altc/alt-c-2009 [11/04/12]


Ball, D., Beard, J. and Newland, B., 2007. ‘E-books and virtual learning environments: responses to a transformational technology’ Acquisitions librarian, 19 (3-4), pp. 165-182

Baregheh, A., Rowley, J., Sambrook, S (2009) "Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation", Management Decision, Vol. 47 Iss: 8, pp.1323 – 1339

Becta ICT Research, ‘What the research says about Virtual Learning Environments in teaching and learning’, (2nd Edition, 2004)

Bijker, W. E. (2009) Social Construction of Technology, in A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology (eds J. K. B. Olsen, S. A. Pedersen and V. F. Hendricks), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford

Bijker, W. Technological Frames:, http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/280/frames.html [14/04/2012]

Birmingham Cultural Partnership http://birminghamculture.org/birmingham-cultural-partnership/cultural-partnership [15/04/2012]

Britain, Sandy and Liber, Oleg. ‘A framework for the pedagogical evaluation of eLearning Environments..’ (2004). Educational Cybernetics: Reports. Paper 2.

http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/iec_reports/2

British Council, Creative and Cultural Economy, ‘Digital R&D Fund for Arts and Culture’, http://creativeconomy.britishcouncil.org/Policy_Development/news/digital-rd-fund-arts-and-culture-call-proposals-cl/ [04/04/2012]

British Council, Creative and Cultural Economy, ‘Digital R&D Fund for Arts and Culture’, http://creativeconomy.britishcouncil.org/Policy_Development/news/digital-rd-fund-arts-and-culture-call-proposals-cl/ [04/04/2012]

Brown, J S & Duguid, P. 2001. Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization Science, 12, 2: 198-213

Brown, J. S. (2000, March/April). Growing up digital: how the web changes work, education, and the ways people learn. Change, 32(2), 11-20

Brown, S.L., and Eisenhardt, K.M. 1995, Product Development: Past Research, Present Findings and Future Directions, Vol.20, No.2, 343-378 Academy of Management Review

Browne, J. Lord, Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education in England: An Independent Review of Higher Education Funding and Student Finance, Published 12 October 2010  www.independent.gov.uk/browne-report [15/04/2012]

Browne, T., Hewitt, R., Jenkins, M., Voce, J., Walker, R., and Hennie Yip. 2010. 2010 Survey of Technology Enhanced Learning for higher education in the UK. Oxford: Universities and Colleges Information Systems Association

Browne, T., Jenkins, M., and Walker, R., ‘A Longitudinal Perspective regarding the use of VLEs by Higher Education institutions in the United Kingdom’ (JISC Reference Group for the 2005 JISC/UCISA survey)

Brumberger, E. 2011. Visual literacy and the digital native: An examination of the millennial learner. Journal of Visual Literacy 30, 1: 19–46

Chandler, D., ‘Shaping and Being Shaped’ in CMC Magazine, 1st February 1996 http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/feb/kling.html [12/04/2012]

Chatterjee, Helen J. 2010i. ‘Staying Essential: Articulating the Value of Object Based Learning’. University Museums and Collections Journal http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/umacj/1/chatterjee-helen-1/PDF/chatterjee.pdf (accessed Nov 30, 2012)

Chatterjee, Helen J. 2010ii. ‘Object Therapy: A Student-selected Component Exploring the Potential of Museum Object Handling as an Enrichment Activity for Patients in Hospital’, in Global Journal of Health Science, Vol 1, No. 2

Clark, R. C., Lyons, C., Graphics for Learning: Proven Guidelines for Planning, Designing, and Evaluating Visuals in Training Materials (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, 2004)

Commission of the European Communities (2002), eEurope 2005: An information society for all, COM (2002) 263 final, Brussels

DfEE, The Learning Age: A Renaissance for a New Britain (Cm 3790) (The Stationery Office, 1998)

Dickey, Michele D. 2005 ‘Three-dimensional virtual worlds and distance learning. British Journal of Educational Technology. Vol 36 No.3. 439–451

Digital Supply Chain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_supply_chain [12/04/2012]

Dillenbourg, Pierre.,  Schneider, Daniel., and Syneteta, Paraskevi., ‘Virtual Learning Environments’ in A Dimitracopoulou (Ed), Proceedings of the 3rd Hellenic Conference “Information & Communication Technologies in Education” (pp.3-18). Kastaniotis Editions, Greece, 2002

Discovery, Open Metadata Principles, http://discovery.ac.uk/businesscase/principles/  [15/04/2012]

Dougherty, D. 1992. Interpretive barriers to successful product innovations in large firms. Organ. Sci. 3(2) 179–202.

Dudley, Sandra H. 2009. ‘Museum Materialities’. Museum Materialities: Objects, Engagements, Interpretations. London & New York: Routledge. 1-17

Duhs, R. 2010. ‘Learning from university museums and collections in higher education: University College London (UCL)’. University Museums and Collections Journal 3: 183–186. edoc.hu-berlin.de/umacj/2010/duhs-183/PDF/duhs.pdf (accessed Nov 30, 2012)

Dutton, W., Cheong, P.H., and Park, N., ‘The Social Shaping of a Virtual Learning Environment: The Case of a University-wide Course Management System’, Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 2004 www.ejel.org [15/04/2012]

JISC. 2009. Effective Practice in a Digital Age: A guide to technology-enhanced learning and teaching. Report 41, JISC Technologies Application (JTAP) Programme. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=project_pedagogical_vle (accessed 14 April 2011)

Falk, John H & Lynn D Dierking. 2000. Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning. Plymouth: Altamira

Fleck, L. 1979. The Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Ed. T.J. Trenn and R.K. Merton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Flow Associates, Mapping the use of digital technologies in the heritage sector (Published for the Collections Trust, July 2010) http://www.hlf.org.uk/aboutus/howwework/Documents/HLF_digital_review.pdf [15/04/2012]

Fry, H. ‘“Into something rich and strange”- Making sense of the sea change, the 2010 conference of the Association of Learning Technology’, Heather Fry, Director of Education and Participation, HEFCE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi6WStFMfVM [accessed Nov 30, 2012]

Fry, H. HEFCE presentation at ALT-C 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi6WStFMfVM [04/04/2012]

Fryer, R.H., Learning for the Twenty-First Century, First report of the National Advisory Group for Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning (November 1997)

Geertz, C., The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973)


Geser, G., Introduction and overview in: DigiCULT Consortium, Learning Objects from Cultural and Scientific Heritage Resources (Salzburg: DigiCULT Consortium, October 2003) p.5

GfK NOP Social Research, Survey of FE learners and e-learning, for Becta (October 2007) http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/8298/1/fe_learners_report.pdf [15/04/2012]

Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. 2009. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. New Jersey: Aldine

Gould, S. (2009) Sequel – ‘An artistic collaboration between the Slade School of Art and UCL Museums & Collections’. Putting University Collections to Work in Teaching and Research - Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Committee of ICOM for University Museums and Collections (UMAC), Berkeley, USA, 10th - 13th September 2009. Ed. Sally MacDonald, Nathalie Nyst, Cornelia Weber http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/umacj/2010/sparks-191/XML/Sparks_xdiml.xml (accessed 30 Nov 2012)

Grabinger, R. S., and Dunlap, J. C. (1995), 'Rich environments for active learning: a definition', ALT-J 3 (2), pp5-34

Hammond, M., and Davies, C., Understanding the Costs of Digitisation. (Guildford: Curtis and Cartwright Consulting Ltd, 2009)

Hara, N., & Kling, R. (2000). Students’ distress with a web-based distance education course. Information, Communication & Society, 3(4), 557-579

Hawkey, R., ‘Learning with Digital Technologies in Museums, Science Centres and Galleries’, In FutureLab Series, Report 9, 2004

Hein, George E. 1998. Learning in the Museum. London & New York: Routledge

Heritage Lottery Fund, About Us http://www.hlf.org.uk/aboutus/Pages/AboutUs.aspx [15/04/2012]

Hooper-Greenhill, E. 2007. Museums and education: Purpose, pedagogy, performance. London: Routledge

Hooper-Greenhill, E. 1994. Museum and Gallery Education. London: Leicester University Press

Irvine, M. 2003, The Emerging e-Education Landscape: A Blackboard Strategic White Paper, page 5 http://products.blackboard.com/cp/release6/CIOSeriesWhitePaper.pdf see also http://www.ukeu.com/aboutelearning.shtml

JISC E-Learning Programme: Definition of E-Learning as, 'learning facilitated and supported through the use of information and communications technology' http://www.elearning.ac.uk/effprac/html/start_defin.htm (accessed 13 April 2012)

JISC Strategic Content Alliance, http://www.jisc.ac.uk/contentalliance (accessed 15 May 2012)

JISC, 2000, Managed Learning Environments: A Workshop run by JISC Assist, 29 February and 7 March 2000. Final Report, JISC, http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=event_report_mle (accessed 11 April 2012)

Johnson-Eilola, J. Datacloud: Toward a New Theory of Online Work (New Jersey: Hampton Press, 2005)

Keller, C. (2009) "User Acceptance of Virtual Learning Environments: A Case Study from Three Northern European Universities, "Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 25, Article 38

Kodama, F. Emerging Patterns of Innovation: Sources of Japan’s Technological Edge (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1995), p.151

Kolb, David A. & Simy Joy. 2009. ‘Are there cultural differences in learning style?’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 33. 69-85

Kolb, David A. 1984. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Kwasnik, B., H., ‘The functional components of browsing’, Annual Review of OCLC Research, July 1991 – July 1992, 53-56) 2

Lanier, Jaron. 2011. YOU ARE NOT A GADGET. London: Penguin

Laurillard, D. M. Rethinking University Teaching: A Framework for the Effective Use of Educational Technology (London: Routledge, 1993)

Lave, J & Etienne Wenger. 1991. Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lessor, J. (1976). ‘Cultural differences in learning and thinking’. In S. M. a. Associates (Ed.), Individuality in learning: Implications of cognitive styles and creativity for human development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Lipman, M. (1991) Thinking in education, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

MacColl, J., 2001.Virtuous learning environments: the library and the VLE. Program, 35 (3), pp. 227-239 http://www.aslib.co.uk/program/2001/jul/03.html

MacDonald, S. 2002. ‘Explaining the role of touch in connoisseurship and the identification of objects’, Perspectives on Object-Centred Learning in Museums. Ed. Paris, Scott G. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 107-120

McConnell, D, E-learning Groups and Communities of Practice (New York: Open University Press in association with The Society for Research Into Higher Education, 2006)

Meyer, J. H. F. & R. Land 2005. Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (2): Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning. Higher Education 49, 3: 373–388.

Montieth, M. and Smith, J., 2001. ‘Learning in a virtual campus: the pedagogical implications of students' experiences’. Innovations in Education & Teaching International, Volume 38, Number 2, 1 May 2001. 119-132


MORI, Ipsos, Student Expectations Study: Key findings from online research and discussion evenings held in June 2007 for the Joint Information Systems Committee, July 2007 http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/studentexpectations.pdf [15/04/2012]

Moron-Garcia, S. D., Understanding Lecturers’ use of Virtual Learning Environments to support face-to-face teaching in UK Higher Education (University of Birmingham, submitted 30 Sept 2004)

Müller, K. ‘Museums and Virtuality’, in, Museums in a Digital Age, Ed. Ross Parry (Oxon: Routledge, 2010)

Nairne, A., Executive Director of Arts Council England: response to an open letter from the council of digital arts (CODA) 06/07/2011 http://www.coda2coda.net/ [04/04/2012]

NESTA, About Us http://www.nesta.org.uk/about_us [15/04/2012]

Newland, B. and Wiles, K., 2004. LEAP: learning environments and pedagogy. In: EDUCAUSE: IT from a Higher Vantage Point, 19-22 Oct 2004, Denver, USA. (Unpublished)

Newman, F.W. (1991) “Promoting higher order thinking in teaching social studies: an overview of sixteen high school

Nonaka, I. (1998). The Knowledge-Creating Company. Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

NUS / HSBC Student Experience Report: Teaching and Learning (Feb 2011), p.4

Open Educational Resources: supporting the open release of learning resources (2009–10, in conjunction with the Higher Education Academy) JISC www.jisc.ac.uk/oer [14/04/2012]

Oxford Dictionaries Online, Definition of ‘Factor’ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/factor?q=factor [12/04/2012]

Oxford Dictionaries Online, Definition of ‘Use’ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/use?q=use [12/04/2012]

Oxford Dictionaries. 2012. Definition of ‘Use’ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/use?q=use (accessed 30 Nov 2012)

Pearce, S. M., Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study (London: Leicester University Press, repr. 1998), p.6

Prosser, D, and Eddisford, S., ‘Virtual and museum learning’, in G. Marks (Ed), Information Technology in Childhood Education Annual. Norfolk, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computers in Education, in press

Rumbold, K., ‘From “Access” to “Creativity”: Shakespeare Institutions, New Media, and the Language of Cultural Value’, in Shakespeare Quarterly, Volume 61, Number 3, (Chicago: John Hopkins University Press; Fall 2010), pp313-36

Sady, W. 2001. ‘Ludwik Fleck – Thought Collectives and Thought Styles’. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, vol.74. 197-205

Salomon, G., and Perkins, D. N., ‘Individual and Social Aspects of Learning’ in Review of Educational Research, 23: 1-24, 1998

Seale, J., and Rius Rui, M., An introduction to learning technology within tertiary education in the UK (Oxford: ALT, Oxford Brookes University, 2001), p.6

Secker, Jane, Electronic Resources in the Virtual Learning Environment: A Guide for Librarians (Oxford: Chandos Publishing, 2004)

Simpson, A & Gina Hammond.  ‘Physical and digital: University collections and object-based pedagogies’. University collections and university history and identity – Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the International Committee of ICOM for University Museums and Collections (UMAC), Lisbon, Portugal, 21st–25th September 2011. 75-82


Smith, Mark. K. 2001. ‘david d. kolb on experiential learning’. Encyclopedia of Informal Education. http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-explrn.htm (accessed 30 Nov 2012)

Social Shaping of Technology, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_shaping_of_technology [14/04/2012]

Sparks, R. T. 2009. ‘Object Handling in the Archaeology Classroom - Strategies for Success’. Putting University Collections to Work in Teaching and Research - Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Committee of ICOM for University Museums and Collections (UMAC), Berkeley, USA, 10th - 13th September 2009. Ed by. Sally MacDonald, Nathalie Nyst, Cornelia Weber http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/umacj/2010/sparks-191/XML/Sparks_xdiml.xml (accessed 30 Nov 2012)

Stiles M J (2000), "Effective Learning and the Virtual Learning Environment", This paper was originally delivered as a Keynote at the 2000 European Universities Information Systems Congress - EUNIS 2000 - "Towards Virtual Universities" in Poznan, Poland on April 2000. It has been published in Proceedings: EUNIS 2000 - Towards Virtual Universities, Instytut Informatyki Politechniki Poznanskiej, Poznan April, ISBN 83 913639 1 0. also from http://www.staffs.ac.uk/COSE/cose10/posnan.html

Stiles, M., Pedagogy and Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Evaluation and Selection (JISC, MLE Information Pack No.5, 2000)

Sullivan, E. 2012. (unpublished) Shakespeare Institute Distance Learning Report, July 2012

Tawney D. A. (Ed.), ‘CAL and learning’ In Learning Through Computers: An Introduction to Computer Assisted Learning (London: MacMillan, 1979)

The Courtauld Institute of Art VLE, http://vle.courtauld.ac.uk/ [14/04/2012]

The Society of American Archivists, Definition of Archival Record http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=292 [12/04/2012]

Tight, M., ‘Education, Education, Education: The Vision of Continuing Education in the Kennedy, Dearing and Fryer Reports’, in Oxford Review of Education, Vol.24, No.4, (Carfax Publishing, 1998) p.473

Tuomi, I., Networks of Innovation: Change and Meaning in the Age of the Internet, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)

Tusting, Karin. 2005. ‘Language and Power in Communities of Practice’, in Beyond Communities of Practice: Language, Power and Social Context (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005), 36-54

UK Parliament. Digital Economy Act http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2009-10/digitaleconomy.html [15/04/2012]

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USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database, ‘United States Patent 6,988,136’, http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6,988,138.PN.&OS=PN/6,988,138&RS=PN/6,988,138, excerpt taken from Abstract of the patent, [04/04/2012]

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Wenger, E., Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W.M. 2002. Cultivating Communities of Practice. Boston: Harvard Business School

Wenger, E., White, N., and Smith, J. D., Digital Habitats: Stewarding Technology for Communities (Portland: CP Square, 2009), p.56

Witkin, Herman A. 1967. ‘A cognitive style approach to cross-cultural research’. International Journal of Psychology (2), 233-250

Yorkshare, University of York http://www.york.ac.uk/library/electroniclibrary/yorksharevle/ [15/04/2012]

Wednesday 12 December 2012

Interpreting Textual Artefacts

Interpreting Textual Artefacts
Colloquium, University of Oxford, 11 Dec 2012
Some notes



14.00-15.45: Materiality and Visual Perception, Chair: Dr Dirk Obbink (Classics, Oxford)

‘Beyond Art and Agency: The Sensory Impacts of Objects’, Professor Chris Gosden (Archaeology, Oxford)

• Early 20thC, a close connection between Structuralism and language placed emphasis on finding meaning in the relationships (or structures) between artefacts (much as language requires grammar and context to create meaning from letters and words)

• Mid 20th C, Post-Structuralism moved this emphasis away from relationships, and more focus on structuring rather than structure. This meant that meaning was far less stable

• In the context of interpreting textual artefacts, this marked a shift from artefact as text to text as artefact

• Focus is then on the individual artefact and what it can tell us about those associated with it – we create the world and the world creates us

• Gosden gave an example from Alfred Gell’s Art and Agency: a decorated canoe prow from Papua New Guinea which was studied less for its iconography and more for it’s functionality

• This ‘technology of enchantment’ divorces visual reception from an aesthetic response, i.e. it is more about sensory impact 

• Celtic art might be interpreted in many different ways – in a sense this cannot be proven so more attention fixed on the artefact and what it does rather than what it mean

• Artefact as technology rather than art

‘The Impact of Reflectance Transformation Imaging on Interpretive Processes for Ancient Egyptian Graphical Culture’, Dr Kathryn Piquette (TOPOI, Berlin)

• Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) is technology which captures artefacts using raking light

• Artefact and camera are fixed but position of light shifts producing many different images which are integrated into an interactive file using an algorithm

• PTM files are especially useful for analysis of the surface of a textual artefact

• Piquette especially interested in the scribal act rather than just the product so this form of capture very beneficial  for analysing maker’s marks etc

• Since this form of digitisation is an interpretive act, recommends getting researcher involved in the process to direct capture, and keeping a log on decisions made

• Raking light enhances the ‘materiality’ of the artefact in the digital and encourages ‘activation of embodied cognition’

Useful refs:
James Gibson 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Dobres 2000. Embodied Practitioner
Dobres 2002. Technology and Social Agency.
Ingold 2007. Materials Against Materiality. Archaeological Dialogues 14(1): 1-16

‘The architecture of visual object recognition and attention’, Professor Glyn Humphreys (Neuroscience, Oxford)

• Talk focused on the ways our ‘attention systems’ seem to operate

• Segmentation or grouping of features of a complex image allow the brain to reduce the number of neural circuits required to process an image and therefore the amount of time needed to complete a visual task

• The more parts of the brain required to process an image, the greater the chance of interference

• Colour, depth and motion can help isolate or segment features since these are picked up by the ‘early cortical’ areas of the brain (this is done most effectively in advertising but the act of digitisation could also direct attention – wittingly or unwittingly – to particular parts of an artefact using one of these strategies. Most routinely done by photographing an artefact in black and white – drawing attention to light and shade through colour – or RTI scanning of a cuneiform tablet which captures depth)

• Learning can play an important part in the way that the brain responds to visual stimuli – segmentation can therefore be influenced by schooling or discipline (Communities of Practice)
16.15-17.15: Kinaesthetic Engagement in Reading, Chair: Dr SégolèneTarte (e-Research Centre, Oxford)

‘Reading movement: morphology, ductus, and reading skills for medieval Latin scripts’, Dr Dominique Stutzmann (Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes, Paris)

• Strong association between the process of reading and writing as observed in the study journals of students tasked with interpreting medieval scripts (some studies mentioned by Prof Laurent Cohen have shown that children learn to read much quicker once they learn to write suggesting the two are linked neurologically)

• All learning styles favoured writing scripts to understand them – this is a kinaesthetic response to make sense of the unfamiliar. Reading and writing closely linked

• Stutzmann demonstrated a new study website in which students can isolate and collect characters from a digitised script, and a ‘magic pen’ which allows students to trace the form of characters to aid the kinaesthetic learning process

• This form of ‘cognitive archaeology’ is akin to handling an artefact to gauge how it was once handled, i.e. to get into the mindset of the creator or original owner of an artefact

‘Contribution of Writing Knowledge to Visual Recognition of Graphic Shapes’, Professor Marieke Longcamp

• Longcamp spoke about scientific studies which underline Stutzmann’s point that the hand and the mind are working together in reading and writing

• One study showed that learning handwritten characters much more successful in short and medium term than learning characters that are typed

• Motor resonance patterns in the brain shows that the act of reading and the act of writing (with the hand) are connected

• More difficult to process mixed scripts i.e. partially typed, partially handwritten

• More resonance when readers are looking at their own handwriting > someone else’s handwriting > typewritten

• Implications for artefacts: manuscripts have potentially bigger impact, suggests that handling of artefacts as precursor to object ‘reading’ worth researching